Environmental Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Analysis Paper - Essay Example The Hershey Company markets brands such as Hershey’s Kisses, Ice Breakers, and Hershey’s Reese among others. Also, it is the leader of the dark and premium chocolates such as Hershey’s Extra Dark, Cacao Reserve, and Hershey’s Special Dark. Other popular brands such as Milk Duds, Payday, Kit Kat, and Almond Joy have tremendously contributed to the success of the company to achieve revenues of about six billion dollars (The Hershey’s Company, 2012). Like other businesses in the world, the Hershey Company operates with business environment that is pre-disposed with business environmental factors such as legal-political, socio-cultural, economic, and technological factors. This paper will seek to conduct an environmental scan and economic analysis on Hershey’s, including the remote, industry, and operating environments. Macroeconomic Forecast Macroeconomic forecast helps provide the consumers, businesses, and government with information necessary in making better decisions (Kew and Stredwick, 2009). The macroeconomic forecast indicators affect Hershey’s in the future and are important that they are considered to be part of the strategic planning of the Company. Increasing GDP in America (though at a smaller rate) and in other countries where its products are sold is favorable in boosting the purchase of the products and increases the prospects of the Hersey’s success (McGuigan, et al., 2011). In the light of this, the strategic planning of Hershey’s will include considering increasing its supplies especially after global financial crisis has completely faded away. Also, reducing rate of unemployment widens the pool of people earning income and therefore increasing the number of people able to buy Hershey’s products (Brenner, 2010). However, unemployment rates in some countries have remained constant or have soared therefore threatening to reduce sales of Hershey’s products in those countri es. Thus, Hershey’s strategic planning will moderate supply in various markets based on the prevailing unemployment rates (McMahon., 2008). In addition, inflation as a macroeconomic factor affects the Hershey’s products presently and in the future. Increase in prices of commodities in various markets that Hershey’s sells its products; tend to affect the performance of the Company (McGuigan et al, 2011). The increase in the cost of production of other consumable commodities including sugar and chocolate confectionary products make the consumers to be cautious in their purchasing, as well as prompting them to focus more on basic commodities than on commodities that they consider to be â€Å"luxurious† (Brenner, 2010). The seemingly high inflation rates in most markets call for a strategy that meets all the market niches. For example, Hersey’s products can be packaged in quantities and prices that reflect the inflation rates of particular markets. Dem and and disposable income is another macroeconomic factor that affects the success of a company like Hershey’s (Morden, 2007). Reduced demand and disposable income of consumers may affect the sales of Hershey’s products in America and in countries where the Company’s products are sold (McGuigan et al, 2011). Therefore, Hersey’s strategy should seek to enhance consumers’ demand and to package quantity and prices that reflect the disposable income of the targeted markets. Non- Economic Factors in the Remote Environment Social and Cultural Social and cultural

Global Health Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Health - Term Paper Example Rather, many nations throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, and even parts of South America face the growing threat that is presented by contaminated drinking water. This is a massive problem due to the fact that is affecting the healthy and natural development of millions of individual throughout the developing world. Without a categorical response to this issue, the ability of these societies to continue to develop and advance in the same way that our own societies have advanced, it is necessary to solve the problem of potable water. In order to accomplish this, this philanthropist will invest heavily in infrastructure within high density population centers throughout the developing world as a way to encourage public health while at the same time providing clean/fresh drinking water to those that are at the highest risk. The main goals that the philanthropist will hope to effect include the following: Fresh Water Resources Around the World - Earth Web Site. (2011, September 8). The Global Education Project. Retrieved  October  26, 2012, from http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/fresh-water.php UN Chronicle - ACHIEVING GLOBAL HEALTH. (2010, August 5). Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. Retrieved  October  26, 2012, from

How Globalisation Has Impacted On Liberal Democracies Politics Essay

How Globalisation Has Impacted On Liberal Democracies Politics Essay In this day and age, people enjoy various global sharing resources, and also what is the main contribution of globalisation. Globalisation is a word which is known to every household, which covers all aspects of human life, such as economic, culture, and politics. As the dominant form of modern political system, modern liberal democracy has also impacted by the progress of globalisation, and also has already influence countries which are illiberal democracy in the worldwide range. This essay will illustrate what the term of globalisation is, what the term of modern liberal democracy is and how globalisation has impacted on the nature and functions of modern liberal democracies, furthermore take China as an example to illustrate how globalisation impact on the nature and functions of modern liberal democracies. What is globalization? Globalisation is a word become popular in recent years. First of all, globalisation is a process, during this process people interact and integrate as a whole it has impacts on economic development and prosperity, on cultural, also on political systems all over the world (globalization101.org, n.d.). During this internationalised process, we can enjoy news, films, food, and culture among different countries all over the world. The process of globalisation has promoted mutual understanding to other countries and cultures which are developing in different background. More specific, the process of globalisation firstly derived from the international trade and, among this global economic progress the Eastern and Western worlds impact each other on all aspects of human life and the world system, just as Angermà ¼ller etc (2004) illustrates that globalisastion is a progress which is a fact and continuous, it is celebrated by neo-liberal economists as the highest stage of economic developm ent, where goods, services, money and knowledge have highly movable on a world wide range. At the same time, World Trade Organisation (WTO) becomes the inevitable outcome of globalisation, which are 153 national members are included all over the world and, at a global or near global level it deals with the rules of trade between nations. Which is an organization for liberalizing trade and operated under a system of trade rules(World trade organization, n.d.). In addition, the media information globalisation is another significant characteristic of globalisation. Along with the development of information technology, westerner culture and oriental cultural infiltration into each other and results in no obvious limits among their life style, for instance, people from East can enjoy the food from the West, such as pizza, spaghetti and hamburger, also, the Western can enjoy the Eastern food, such as boiled dumplings. Furthermore, even their policies, for instance, as a socialist country China government has made the policy of reformation and opening in the seventh decade of twenty century to adapting globalisation, I will expound this in the following part of this essay. What is liberal democracy? Dunleavy and OLeary(1987,pp.5-6) state thatliberal democracy is a system of representative government by majority rule in which some individual rights are nonetheless protected from interference by the state and cannot be restricted even by an electoral majority. More specifically, liberal democracy is a kind of representative democracy, which mean the people under the policy of liberal democracy can elect free, which is following the main thought of the Enlightment. Liberty democracy can be illustrated as a form that the people elect the party which can represent their will to exercising power of making decisions to the state. From ancient times to the present, liberty is always one of the key words of the Western politics, as Dunleavy and OLeary (1987) shows that liberal democracy is the key word which we can using to analyzing the role of the state and, it is also the cornerstone of value of Western liberal democracy, which is based on the theory of freedom and rights of individua ls and, which is mentioned by a lot of thinkers such as Plato, Locke, Hobbes, Marx and so on. With the continuous development of history, with the addition of the contribution of globalisation, liberal democracy is no longer the political system of the English-speaking world. The following section of this essay will focus on how globalisation has influenced the operating of liberal democracy. How globalisation impact on liberal democracies? In this day and age, the global economy is now undergoing a rapid and profound transformation. Moreover, this transformation has adjusting on the relationship between countries. According to the process of globalisation was firstly derived from the international trade, to a certain extent, capital can be considered as the motive force of the globalization. In order to get more capital, countries all over the world constantly adjust their own policies to adapt to the development of globalisation. In spite of what form of the politic systems of different countries, the economic globalisation has already leaded to a fuzzy boundary of politics in a world wide range. It seems verbose to mention that according to the internationalism, the establishment and their functions of Europe Union (EU) and United Nations (UN), which make some specific region and some specific countries operating as a whole under the process of economic globalisation. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Downs (2005) have sho wn that it was predicted that economic globalisation would result in political liberalization and, eventually, democracy. However, this political globalistion is mainly displayed as Eastern is affected by Western over the last several decades, which is because of the Western capitalism countries dominating capital in a world wide range. Nonetheless, along with the development of the economic globalization this situation of the Western capitalism countries dominating capital in a world wide range has changed in the resent years, more specifically, particularly after the financial crisis, there is no longer for one or minority of the capitalist great powers to dominate the world, at the same time, it is turns out that the world political and economic are more open to more diversified, which is a chance of other countries to improve their power of economic, furthermore it can also impact the balance of their policies. Such as Zheng(2004) illustrates in his book, globlisation has create d challenges and opportunities to the global world and also particularly for the developing countries, of course, there no exception of China. In spite of China is a socialist country, we can also take China as an example to illustrate how globalisation impact on the nature and functions of modern liberal democracies, indeed, I personally think that take a socialist country as an example can prove how globalisation impact on the nature and functions of modern liberal democracies more influential. It is generally believed that as a socialist country, China has created a significantly development during the past decades, which is attributed the success to the specific process of globalisation in China. Science the Deng Xiaoping opened Chinas door to the global in the late 1970s China has integrated into the world at a significant pace. In the beginning of implement the reform and open-door policy capitalism was illegally, after Deng Xiaopings south tour in early 1992, capitalism was legitimised (Zheng, 2004). Science then, the Chinese economic has developed dramatically. At the meantime, also as Zheng (2004) shows in his book that as a member of World Trade Organisation(WTO) and other primary world and regional organisations, China now has been an integral part of the world. It is can be seen that order to adapting the requirement of the economic globlalisation, the policymakers of China have made policy and adjusted itself to adapting globalisation. In this case, money flow is the main power to drive the situation of the whole world. Furthermore, globalisation has drive developing countries such as China an opportunity for state transformation which re-making their state systems (Zheng, 2004). If there is no process which can influence the whole world as globalisation how China and other countries making their policy to adapt the requirements of capitalism, how can China making the open-door policy and how can China to be a membership of World Trade Organisation(WTO), that is, during the process of globalisation, there are a lot of boundaries becoming indistinct, for instance, the boundary of culture between countries, the boundary of political forms of different political landscapes. Conclusion To sum up, it is easily can be seen that globalisation has already been an irresistible trend, the process of globalisation firstly derived from the international trade and, among this global economic progress, the Eastern and Western worlds impact each other on all aspects of human life and the world system, in fact, it is mainly displayed as the developing Western world influence developing countries. Along with the progress of globalisation, it has covered all aspects of human life, such as economic, culture, and politics. As the main political form of capitalism, liberal democracy has already disseminated by economic globalisation, just take China as an example, which is originally an unalloyed socialist country, under the impact of economic globlisation China re-making its policy appropriately to adapt the power of capitalism, which plays the main role of the world economic system. In another words, it can be seen as an evidence of which the nature and functions of liberal democ racy has been disseminate by globalisation, at the same time, the impaction which is coursed by globalisation to the nature and functions of liberal democracy can also to be seen as the impaction on the nature and functions of liberal democracy coursed by proliferation of capital, on account of what I have mentioned before, in fact the process of globalisation is dominated by the power of capital. Word count: 1601

Who Are the Women in Shakespeares Macbeth? Essay -- Macbeth essays

Who Are the Women in Macbeth? Â   Shakespeare in his tragedy Macbeth has a very limited assortment of women characters. In fact, there is only one who has a sizeable role - Lady Macbeth; the other, Lady Macduff, makes only a brief appearance, and the witchesare questionable as females. In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson mentions the very wife-like manner in which the queen fulfilled her essential role in the tragedy: It requires an extraordinary exertion of will and persuasion from Lady Macbeth to strengthen his wavering purpose. Professor Kittredge used to point out to his classes that Lady Macbeth, in urging Macbeth to act, uses the three arguments that every wife, some time or other, uses to every husband: "You promised me you'd do it!" "You'd do it if you loved me!" "If I were a man, I'd do it myself!" But Macbeth's mind is made up by her assurance that they may do it safely by fixing the guilt upon Duncan's chamberlains. (72) Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that Macbeth's wife had considerable leverage over her husband's mind: This was her opportunity to do as she had promised herself she would do after she had read the letter - to pour her spirits into his ear, to chasten with the valor of her tongue all that might impede him from the golden crown. We may be sure she took this opportunity to use all her monstrous powers of persuasion. Thus he goaded himself, or was goaded by his wife, into searing the terrible oath, whether he had any clear purpose of keeping it or not. (48-49) In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows that a lady is the actual driving force in the play: That Macbeth is being hurried into a premature ac... ...900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997. Kermode, Frank. "Macbeth." The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin. Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Standard Of Treatment Mayo Clinic Health And Social Care Essay

Mayo clinic is a group of non-profit organisations dwelling of infirmaries and research centres runing in three geographical countries Minnesota, Arizona and Florida. There are some nomadic infirmaries and research centres working in the nearby countries of these wellness attention centres such as Franciscan Skemp Medical Center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. The Mayo group consists of Mayo medical schools, Mayo alumnus schools, Mayo graduate medical schools and wellness attention centres that are affiliated with mayo clinic. Mayo clinic is celebrated for it ‘s up to day of the month engineering and advanced ways of intervention qualified physicians and research on different diseases. It provide consultancy to the difficult to diagnosed patients who are non diagnosed by the other physicians and intervention for their jobs. Mayo clinic comes within top 20 infirmaries in the universe ranking for its advanced interventions and research because it allocates 40 % of their resources to the research. They maintain high quality criterions through their values like â€Å" The demands of the patient ever come first † .Background and History:Mayo clinic started as individual outpatient installation and now go the choice criterion in USA due to its effectual direction and cost economy policies. Dr. William Worrall Mayo along with his two boies William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo had laid the foundation of Mayo clinic. The other Mayo Clinic laminitiss are Drs. Mayo, Dr. Stinchfield, Dr. Graham, Dr. Henry Plummer, Dr. Millet, Dr. Judd, and Dr. Balfour. In the get downing the net incomes of the organisation were shared among the spouses and wage was paid to the other hired staff by the spouses. In 1846 Dr. William Worrall Mayo joined the Mayo clinic as a physician after migration from United Kingdom to the United States. In 1919 the net income oriented organisation was changed into the non net income organisation â€Å" Mayo Properties Association † . The Mayo brothers transferred all the clinic belongings, trappingss and everything to the freshly established association. In 1892, Dr. Augustus Stinchfield who was considered to be the best physician in the little towns near Rocheste to fall in Mayo clinic and when Dr. Stinchfield joined the laminitis physician W.W. Mayo retired from the Mayo Association at the age of 73 old ages. Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer who is considered to be the â€Å" designer of the modern medical pattern † joined the Mayo clinic as a spouse and started pattern in 1901. He designed many advanced systems that are worldwide used today such as single dossier-style medical record and an complecting telephone system. Dr. Plummer is besides known for presenting the diagnostic and clinical facets of the pattern. Mayo brothers excelled their accomplishments in surgery. In 1907 Dr. Louis B. Wilson was hired to carry through Dr. Plummer ‘s plane to set up research and diagnostic research labs. In 1928 Plummer Building was designed by Johnathan Willian Dawson and Ray Corwin wit the inputs from the Mayo clinic staff and was tallest edifice in the Minnesota until the Foshay Tower was built in Minneapolis. This edifice was included in National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The Ellerbe house has besides constructed in 1914 Mayo â€Å" Red † edifice, the 1922 Mayo Institute of Experimental Medicine, the 1927 â€Å" Plummer † edifice and the Nayo edifice in 1954. The Mayo campus in Rochester approximately occupies the three clip s country than the Mall of America. In 1998 new edifice of Mayo infirmary was constructed in East Mayo Boulevard Phoenix and it occupies country of 210 estates site. This edifice contains 244 accredited beds, 18 operation suites and the exigency section of degree II.Patients Served at Mayo ClinicMayo clinic has been supplying wellness attention installations for 100 old ages. Every twelvemonth more than 500,000 patients get installati ons from more than 150 states of the universe. More than 3,700 doctors and scientists and 49,000 medical support staff are working in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. The patients receive doctor ‘s consultancy and medical trial before concluding medical examination really rapidly and patients are operated surgically in the really following twenty-four hours. Due to good direction the patients do n't hold to wait for many yearss for their bend of operation. The ranking of the Mayo clinic is really good. The information of 2009 shows that 62,400 patients were admitted out of which 29,883 inmate and 21,035 outpatient surgeries. In exigency visits of patients were reported to be 79,542. The visits of greater no of people show their trust on the infirmary.Community ServedThe BASIC of the Mayo clinic is to fulfill the wellness demands and work out the relation of the people. Mayo believes that their premier map is to function the patients with welcoming, gracious and healthy attitude . The spouses of the Mayo besides try to keep the nucleus values and maintain their criterions. They non merely ease the patients but besides provide consultancy to the health care issues. They besides provide the nutrition planes, kid attention suggestions and supply planes to run into the hereafter challenges. The nucleus installations provided to all the patients are safe, quality wellness attention, educational offerings and above all a better quality of life. Mayo wellness system is a household clinic and provides a complete scope of wellness calling installations to the whole household with its diversified rand of installations and with updated equipments and qualified physicians. The patients receive quality intervention at their local infirmaries and can be benefited by the mayo ‘s consultancies at any clip. The environing infirmaries of Mayo Clinic are connected to it and can engage consultancies, skilled physicians and other equipment at any clip therefore supplying an overall better kind of wellness attention installations to the whole part.Scope of ServiceMayo Clinic provides a broad scope of services in different countries of the universe. All kinds of diseases are cured here by the qualified physicians with latest engineerings. They provide intervention of the malignant neoplastic disease, Gastritis, gynaecology, Diabetes, Gastroenterology Heart Surgery, Endocrinology, Psychiatry, Kidney Disorders, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation. Health attention programs and consultancies are besides provided by them. They provide non merely wellness attention installations but besides research and educational installations to the community. There are 248 medical occupants, 27 PhD alumnuss, and 21 MS alumnuss and there are 77108 participants in Mayo School of Continuing professional Development. The new and modern engineerings which are discovered and the new ways developed for intervention are provided to the remainder of universe freely and nil is charged to the patients. There is another great service provided in the form of immature pupils ‘ instruction. The fact about Mayo Clinic is that it is really cost efficient in its operations so ensuing in cost economy policies and besides is a beginning of suggestions for other infirmaries. A really alone service provided by the Mayo clinic is to supply the insurance installation for its patients.Leadership and ManagementThe basic motivation of wellness attention organisations is to fix sawboness and physicians who are excel in their field but they besides require directors for taking the organisation at assorted managerial places. Those who want direction instruction have to travel beyond their pattern to other establishments in the yesteryear. This forces the health care establishments to broaden their range of surveies and offer some extra classs to fix their efficient and effectual directors as this is the demand of ambitious dynamic environment. Therefore medical establishments besides started in-house leading plans to develop their directors for future leading. The Mayo initiated the leading plans and being the benchmark is function theoretical account for the other establishments.Staffing and RecruitmentEmployees are the major plus of the services organisations as their major success, productiveness and success depends on the public presentation and attitude of the employees. The more committed, satisfied and skilled employees put their best attempts in supplying services to the organisations. Hiring the right employees is a ambitious undertaking because engaging the incorrect employees is expensive, dearly-won, clip and resource consuming. The non committed employees are besides harmful to the organisation who leads to the increased turnover rate that causes fiscal load on the organisation. The Mayo clinic has good established Human Resource section for the enlisting and staffing procedure that selects employees. There is a formal system of enlisting in which the procedure starts with the occupation attention deficit disorder, so comes the application signifiers, recruitment trial, interview and some simulation trials for look intoing the on the occupation cognition. When anyone is employed he is dictated about the organisation and so preparation is besides provided. These employees are provided wage harmonizing to the market rates and some other benefits are besides prov ided for creative activity trueness and committedness to the organisation. As a consequence of the above discussed activities a really skilled, loyal, satisfied and committed work force is obtained. These employees are divided into different sections and each section executing a specific map.Reimbursement BeginningsThe major beginning of Mayo clinic is the income from the patient attention which is reported $ 474 million for the twelvemonth 2008-09. The 2nd beginning is the part received by the grateful patients which is $ 236 million for 2008-09. Third one is the research activities that contribute in its income. The external grants for the research are $ 324million while Mayo ‘s ain research financess from donees $ 400 1000000s and other beginning of income is their diversified activities of clinical research lab and the wellness attention publications that contribute 57million to the entire income. As the Mayo clinic is a non net income organisation so their focal point in non profit maximization. Mayo ‘s stock market public presentation consequences in the 12.5 % returns. However due to fluctuations in the market Mayo clinic do non trust on the stock returns majorly and plans its budget estimating from other beginnings of income.Non-reimbursable Servicess:The focal point of the organisation is to supply best installations in clinical pattern, instruction and research. The innovations of medical patterns, instruments, processs and other research activities are provided freely to the remainder of the universe and no patents are earned over these things. All these installations are provided to accomplish the ultimate end of better standard life for everyone in the universe. The most of import non reimbursable service is the intervention of the patient, the diagnosing provided or the consultancy provided to the patient whose disease was non diagnosed by any other infirmary. Mayo clinic utilizations such alone patient history in its research and aft er survey publishes it in its research publications that are used by the whole universe. Since that Mayo clinic has really cost efficient system hence they besides provide some cost salvaging schemes to the other infirmaries and other organisations.Information Technology Used:Health information engineering ( HIT ) has been developed to organize attention of patients that have provided many installations to the people. This system provides information to the stakeholders maintaining a certain degree of patient privateness. It has created a calculated balance between the patient ‘s personal medical information and the elements of attention provided to the stakeholders necessary for intervention. Everybody has the entree on the general medical information. This information besides helps to build informations that can be used to avoid harm stairss in the exigency state of affairss of the patients. This accrual medical cognition can be helpful from the bar of many diseases. By util izing this system voluntary patient identifier has been established by which anybody can entree his or her ain wellness and by comparing them with the medical criterions. The patient history is stored in the informational system so it can be really helpful for the diagnosing and for future usage. This system can be helpful in secure interchanging the information between consumer and the supplier of consultancy. This system can be helpful to keep a better and standardised life manner. It can besides supply some societal benefits in early spread of infections and epidemics. Mayo clinic besides provide the proficient aid the attached infirmaries to better their criterions to ease the people of their ain countries.Regulatory and Quality RequirementsCenters for Medicare & A ; Medicaid Services ( CMS ) gives high ranking to the Mayo clinic as it non merely meets the needed criterions but exceeds the criterions required by the national quality steps. The joint committee is an independent a nd non- net income organisation working since 1951 and has categorized about 1500 wellness attention organisations in the United States. It has established many criterions on which organisations are categorized and most of import of which are the patient rights, patient intervention and infection control. These criterions are developed by the audience of wellness attention experts, providers, consumers and measuring experts. Mayo clinic besides fix some academic studies on quality measurings and one such undertaking was â€Å" The Dartmouth Atlas Project † . In this undertaking 4300 infirmaries were studied and checked that how the medical resources are used among the infirmaries of United States. This undertaking analyzed the doctors, infirmaries, part wise infirmaries and United States as a whole. The undertaking was conducted by the Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences at Dartmouth Medical School. University Health System Consortium ( UHC ) was created in 1984 in coaction with the academic wellness centres in the United States taking to increase the criterions of the infirmaries. In 1995 it categorized the Mayo Clinic as one of the best infirmaries of the U.S. The UHS has 95 full clip members and 128 associated members who physically visit the infirmaries and look into the wellness attention installations that are used in the ranking of the infirmary. The direction of the Mayo Clinic ensures that every service provided to the patients is up to the grade and of the declared quality indicated in the mission of the organisation. The plane for each intervention is checked before the start of intervention to guarantee that there is no spread in it. The patient ‘s charts are on a regular basis checked by the senior physicians to look into whether the patient is having intervention harmonizing to the intervention suggested. The dosage of medical specialty is besides reviewed and changed harmonizing to the patient ‘s fortunes. The intervention machines, equipments and other instruments are on a regular basis checked in every forenoon before the start of intervention. Before the intervention of following hebdomad, the plane of the old hebdomad is besides checked to see the betterments. Finally before the any machine the automated computerized system compares the healer ‘s scenes with the original plane so that the patient can neither have overdose or under-dose. There is besides a quality insurance cell which receives the feedback from the patients and attempts to invalidate these spreads. The stakeholders can besides lend by supplying suggestions for betterments in the overall system of the organisation. The Mayo clinic has been recognized by three quality boards the American Board of Family Medicine ( ABFM ) , the American BoardA of Internal Medicine ( ABIM ) , and the American Board of PediatricsA ( ABP ) which is the cogent evidence of their high quality criterions.Market PositionThere are different societies and organisation of Govt. private and public sector that categories the infirmaries and wellness attention organisations on the footing of the criterions set by them. These societies include Centers for Medicare & A ; Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , University Health System Consortium ( UHC ) , The Dartmouth Atlas Project, U.S News and some other organisations. In 1998 Mayo Clinic was ranked thirtieth in orthopaedicss, 36th in rhinolaryngology and 38th in pneumonic disease. In the current twelvemonth 2010 the U.S News studied the 5,000 infirmaries of the United States and categorized them individually harmonizing to the installations for different diseases. Out of 5,000 infirmari es 152 infirmaries gain some forte and 14 infirmaries awarded â€Å" Honor Roll † which contain more than 6 fortes and Mayo clinic is one of them. Mayo clinic ranked in following places in following fortesForteRanking of Mayo ClinicCancer 3 Diabities and Endocrinology 1 Gastroentology 1 Gynecology 2 Heart and bosom surgery 2 Kidney upsets 1 Neurology and neurosurgery 2 Orthopedicss 2 Pulmonology 2 Urology 3 In add-on to above ranking Mayo clinic besides retain some best sawboness, doctors, nurses and other paramedical staff. Their infirmary environment is really hygienic and nutrient served to the patients is of best quality. The Mayo clinic has besides the award of â€Å" honor Roll † of best nurses places in the United States.Considerations for ImprovementThe dramatic promotion in the engineering and other medical processs has put a force per unit area on wellness attention establishments to follow these freshly discovered processs and engineerings. There is ever a room for betterment in every system. Colorado Foundation for Medical Care ( CFMC ) is an organisation working for the betterment of infirmary quality and patient safety in the infirmaries and is working in the U.S. The CFMC is working chiefly on the surgical attention, bosom failure, Methicillin-resistant staphylococci aureus, force per unit area ulcers, physical restraints, the Health Care Leadership and Quality Ass essment Tool, the AHRQ Culture Survey, drug safety, and public coverage. The chief challenge for the direction of Mayo clinic is non to convey alteration and new engineering but to accept and follow that alteration. The staff of mayo welcomes the alteration with unfastened weaponries so that their organisation becomes the benchmark in the part.Future TendenciesThe chief purpose of the Mayo clinic is to transform finds into interventions through research. There are many research surveies that are continued under the counsel of many senior physicians in all the three metropoliss where Mayo clinic is runing. The particular patients who are identified with some new symptoms are specially studied by the Mayo clinic and after a whole research illations are concluded and the upset is identified. Then this alone instance is published in the publications of Mayo clinic. They are chiefly analyzing biomedical technology, bioinformatics, and the scientific discipline of wellness attention bring ing. More than 6,000 employees are working on this research and the research budget for 2008 was $ 523 million. The chief intent of their research is to supply replies to patients that others ca n't supply. The ultimate intent is the public assistance of society and better criterion of lifes through its attempts.Pertinent Aspect Discovered During my ResearchDuring the current survey many important facets were revealed that the Mayo clinic is carry oning. For illustration the neuromodulation is huge field of surgical intercession which is a immune psychiatric upset and batch of research is traveling on in mayo clinic. Beside this reversible intervention schemes for motion upsets are under survey and several tests have been done on this field. In add-on work is besides done on deep encephalon stimulation ( DBS ) in treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive upset ( OCD ) , and Tourette syndrome. The neuromodulation therapies, neurophysiological anomalousnesss and their conse quence on deep encephalon stimulation ( DBS ) are hot subjects to dot and research. The determination Mayo Clinic can duplicate the familial showing effectivity for sudden decease bosom status. All the characteristics, installations, experienced physicians, equipments, processs adopted and research conducted in Mayo clinic suggest that it one of the best wellness attention organisation and serves as benchmark to other wellness attention organisations due its direction and efficient usage of resources.

The Personal Attack: The Logical Fallacy of Argumentum

The term â€Å"ad hominem† is a Latin phrase that translates to â€Å"against the man† (â€Å"Ad hominem†).   It is one of several logical fallacies that may appear (intentionally or otherwise) in the rhetorical mode of writing or speaking known as Argument.   The use of the ad hominem indicates that an argument (or counter-argument) is focusing not on the issue or cause, but on the issue’s presenter, and it generally takes the form of a personal attack of the presenter’s character (â€Å"Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies†). The soundest ad hominem attacks are made up of two steps.   The first step is to discredit the speaker/presenter/sponsor, and the second step is to imply that because the speaker/presenter/sponsor is a â€Å"bad† person, the issue or cause must be bad as well (â€Å"Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies†). For example, prior to the last local election, I attended a debate between two city council candidates regarding a public school bond measure.   Having read about the issue, I was aware that the facts proved the bond’s cost would far outweigh the anticipated minimal benefits—benefits that had not been shown to occur in similar communities.   I had seen no evidence to support any logical argument to encourage citizen’s to support the bond issue, so I was not surprised when one candidate turned the factual debate into a personal attack of his opponent. The argument: that his opponent had no school-aged children and because of this, his opponent has no vested interest in the success or failure of the community’s public school system. Obviously the candidate who was attacking his opponent (via the ad hominem) hoped that people would equate his opponent’s lacking school-aged children with an inability to assess a public school bond issue properly. The logical counter to this fallacious argument would be to return the focus to the facts: if  passed, would the school bond result in improvements or would it not?   If passed, would the  costs of the school bond be worth the benefits or not?   I would quickly point out that whether or  not one has children has no bearing on one’s ability to assess the fiscal impact of a set of facts,  and I would add to that, that if this were a logical supposition, that only those who had children  should be allowed to vote on the bond issue as obviously only those with children have  the capacity to make a sound decision in this area. References Ad hominem.   (2000).   In The American heritage dictionary of the English language (4th ed.).   Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Introduction to ad hominem fallacies.   (n.d.).   Mission Critical.   Retrieved October 17, 2006, from http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/adhom/adhom.html

Are you being paid a fair salary

Are you being paid a fair salary Here’s a question that will inevitably come up at some point (or several points) during your professional journey: Am I being paid what I’m worth? It’s a fair question- and one you should be comfortable with asking yourself whenever you do a â€Å"status check† while traveling along your career path. Why? Well, the truth is, in today’s ultra-competitive job market, employers in any given industry can offer a wide range of salaries for positions, and it’s absolutely within your best interests to know what end of the salary spectrum you’re on.Of course, many variables will come into play when you’re given a salary offer at the time of hire for a position (things like geographic location, years of experience, and even the relative financial health of the company can factor in), but one thing that’s true for employees across fields, positions, and locations is that the salary you agree to for a position can have a real impact on your long-term earning potential- both at your current position and company and for future positions, either there or at a new company. Many companies base things like salary offers and even raises and bonuses on your prior earning history, and if your salary is below the industry average for your position and experience, it may take years before you’re able to catchup to other, better compensated colleagues.   Taking into account the time and effort most of us put into our professional lives, it’s obviously important to ensure that you’re getting paid a fair salary for the work you do and contributions you make to your employer. And you can’t have faith that your employer is staying on top of what’s fair. In the tricky world of salary negotiations, you’re often going to be your own best advocate towards ensuring that you’re being compensated fairly.Hopefully, it’s now clear why educating yourself about compensation stand ards, practices, and trends in your industry is a valuable use of your time. Consider using the following strategies to help you determine if you’re being paid a reasonable salary.Steps to take to ensure your salary is what you deserveResearchYou don’t need us to tell you that the Internet is often your best friend when you’re in need of doing some research on a subject. When it comes to gathering salary info, it’s an invaluable tool as well. In fact, there are sites that are practically dedicated to this- check out Salary.com’s salary calculator tool or Glassdoor to determine what other folks in your field and position typically make.In addition, professional associations in your field may openly share important information like average salary and compensation to help you figure out where you’re at relative to your peers. Many professionals across industries maintain blogs that are designed to create supportive communities and share key inf ormation with their colleagues- use these to your advantage and feel empowered to ask questions as needed.Utilize your HR departmentRemember, your company’s HR department is there to support you with all sorts of issues that come up during your professional tenure. If you have questions or concerns regarding compensation, these are often good places to start. And if they don’t have all the answers you’re looking for, if they’re good at their jobs they’ll be able to direct you where to go for next steps.Check yourselfDon’t forget that the issue of professional satisfaction, which includes being content with your current salary, is highly personal- what makes you feel satisfied and fulfilled and meets your life needs will be different than anyone else. Therefore, a strong source to determine if you’re being paid reasonably is yourself. Look within, do a personal inventory, and try to assess whether or not you feel as if you’re cu rrently in a good place salary-wise. Regardless of what others in similar positions make, if you feel content with where you’re at, take that into consideration when deciding whether you’re compensated fairly.What not to doSalary issues can be highly emotional. If you feel as if you’re underpaid, it may set you off on a charged and volatile footing. That’s never a good place to operate from when it comes to issues involving your career. Be sure to keep your emotions in check when addressing compensation matters with your company. Also, avoid discussing salaries with your coworkers- many companies frown upon this, and it can also lead to animosity if there are clear disparities.One last thing to avoid- avoid ignoring the issue. If you feel unsatisfied or unclear regarding your compensation, simply ignoring it will undoubtedly lead to ongoing negative results. Take proactive steps to ensure that you’re a valued and fairly compensated member of your o rganization, and both you and your company will benefit from it.

Interrupting Conversations in English

Interrupting Conversations in English Interrupting a discussion can seem impolite, but is often necessary for a number of reasons. For example, you might interrupt a conversation to: Give a message to someoneAsk a quick question that has nothing to do with the conversationGive your opinion about something that has been saidInterrupt to join the conversation Here are forms and phrases used to interrupt conversations and meetings arranged by purpose. Interrupting to Give Someone Information Use these short forms to quickly and efficiently interrupt a conversation to deliver a message. Im sorry to interrupt but youre needed (on the phone / in the office / in the classroom / etc.)Sorry for the interruption. Its Jim / Peter / Mary on the phone.Pardon me, but I have John on the phone.Excuse me, could I get a signature / an answer / a cup of coffee quickly? Interrupting to Ask a Quick Unrelated Question At times we need to interrupt to ask an unrelated question. These short phrases quickly interrupt to ask for something else. Im sorry to interrupt, but this will only take a minute.Sorry for the interruption, but could you (answer a quick question / help me for a moment / give me an opinion on ...)?Im so sorry. This will just take a minute.I apologize for the interruption, but I have an important question. Interrupting to Join the Conversation With a Question Using questions are a polite way of interrupting. Here are some of the most common questions we ask in order to be allowed to join the conversation. Could I jump in?Could I add something?Can I say something?May I interject? Interrupting to Join the Conversation During a conversation we might need to interrupt the conversation if we are not asked for our opinion. In this case, these phrases will help. Would you mind if I joined the conversation?I couldnt help overhearing. (Use when listening to a conversation that you are not a part of)Sorry to butt in, but I think / feel ...If I may, I think / feel ... Interrupting Someone Who Has Interrupted You Sometimes we dont want to allow an interruption. In this case, use the following phrases to bring the conversation back to your point of view. Please let me finish.Let me complete my thought.Would you please let me finish?Can I continue, please? Allowing an Interruption If you want to allow an interruption, use one of these short phrases to allow the person to ask a question, express an opinion, etc.   No problem. Go ahead.Sure, what do you think?Thats OK. What do you need / want? Continuing After an Interruption Once youve been interrupted you can continue your point after the interruption by using one of these phrases. As I was saying, I think / feel ...To get back to what I was saying, I think / feel ...Id like to return to my argument.Continuing where I left off... Example Dialogue Example 1: Interrupting for Something Else Helen: ... its really amazing how beautiful Hawaii is. I mean, you couldnt think of anywhere more beautiful. Anna: Excuse me, but Tom is on the phone. Helen: Thanks Anna. This will only take a moment. Anna: Can I bring you some coffee while she takes the call? George: No thanks. Im fine. Anna: Shell be just a moment.    Example 2: Interrupting to Join the Conversation Marko: If we continue to improve our sales in Europe we should be able to open new branches. Stan: Could I add something? Marko: Of course, go ahead. Stan: Thanks Marko. I think we should open new branches in any case. If we improve sales great, but if we dont we still need to open stores. Marko: Thank you Stan. As I was saying, if we improve sales we can afford to open new branches.

An Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

An Annotated Bibliography Essay Chin, Jean Lau. (2004). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group This book discusses the effects of prejudice and discrimination on the psyche and one’s participation in society as a whole. The relevant section in this book discusses the unique plight of gay or bisexual black men that have to contend with homophobia as well as racism. Of special note is the section in which sexual orientation often has a negative effect on the career development of many gay black men. This is an interesting resource since most of the material on the subject does not address the secondary sub-category of sexual orientation (Chin, 2004). Daniels, C. (2004). Black Power Inc. : The New Voice of Success. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons C. Daniel’s Black Power Inc. is a book of medium length that explores the phenomenon of black people placing a growing emphasis on economic rather than political power. The book is geared toward young to middle-aged black professional men and women, who are Working While Black (WWB). C. Daniels writes for Fortune magazine with an extensive history in writing about the social dynamics inherent in big business—especially as it relates to the unique issues black men and women face in the corporate world (Daniels, 2004). Davis, G. & Watson, G. (1982). Black Life in Corporate America: Swimming in the Mainstream. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Although written twenty-seven years ago, this account by Davis & Watson (1982) is still relevant in chronicling the early stages of Black integration into corporate American life. The book describes the upstream struggles of educated black professionals as they attempt to make a living commensurate with their skills. While also observing the lesser tolerance of open bigotry in the workplace, certain â€Å"jokes† and comments are often alienating to black men (Davis & Watson, 1982). Gates, Henry Louis. America behind the Color Line. New York: Warner Books, 2004 This book contains interviews from several powerful African-American men including Russell Simmons, Quincy Jones, Vernon Jordan, Colin Powell and Morgan Freeman. Written by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , one of the premier scholars of African-American studies today. This book shows the diversity of successful Black men from the corporate and political arenas to the performing arts and community activism, and discusses triumphs and challenges. A very good read for anyone studying black achievement (Gates, 2004). Livers, A. & Caver, K. A. (2002). Leading in Black and White: Working across the Racial Divide in Corporate America. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons This book by Livers & Caver (2002) describes the challenges faced by Blacks who occupy a higher level on the corporate ladder (i. e. managerial positions). They challenge the popular assumption that black leaders have the same issues as white leaders, and underscore the problems of trust many black men have with their white colleagues because of lack of common experiences. This book was intended for black managers that need help in continuing to navigate the system (Livers & Carver, 2002). Merida, K. (2007). Being a Black Man: At the Corner of Progress and Peril. Washington: Public Affairs This is a collection of essays about the personal and professional struggles of black men in America. Many points of view deal with identity intersections of different roles—husband, father, employee, and businessman—as well as dreams and ambitions. This book generated a great deal of interest in the reading public as it offers a personal glimpse of the realities of black life. K. Merida is a reporter for the Washington Post, and was thus able to use his credentials to find many contributors to this volume (Merida, 2007). Van Horne, W. A. (2007). The Concept of Black Power: Its Continued Relevance. Journal of Black Studies, 37(3), 365-389 This is a study of the growth of Black Power in America as the middle-class grows slowly and quietly. Even though over time, black people have gained more civil rights in America, there is still a significant lag between them and the white majority. However, W. A. Van Horne notes that the black underclass often overshadows the slow, but inexorable growth of the black middle class. He also raises questions of whether the black power movement is still relevant (Van Horne, 2007). An Annotated Bibliography. (2016, Aug 04).

Develop an evaluation form that includes 7 objective criteria to Essay

Develop an evaluation form that includes 7 objective criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed plan (regarding nursing shortage) - Essay Example After communication, the evaluation form would be distributed to personnel who would be deemed most appropriate to respond. The distribution of evaluation forms would be done the day after the monthly meeting. Collection of the responses would be undertaken the day after these evaluations forms are distributed. The data would be interpreted through collation and tallying, according to nursing units. The findings would be communicated by the assigned nurse manager to the department heads. The department heads would assign one department manager to integrate the findings for subsequent report to the vice president of nursing. Any weaknesses in the evaluation form could be identified and corrections would be recommended. The final report would be submitted to the board of directors for their review. After the board has reviewed the findings from the evaluation form and report, the results, recommendations, and conclusion would be disseminated to the involved personnel in the next scheduled monthly meeting. Health practitioners and nurses could therefore communicate any methods of improvement in achieving the identified objectives; as well as in suggesting any improvements in the evaluation process, as deemed necessary. Education Career Articles. (2014). The Latest Statistics on Nursing Shortage. Retrieved from educationcareerarticles.com:

Deficiency in the Neo-Classical Labour Market Model and Possible Essay

Deficiency in the Neo-Classical Labour Market Model and Possible Solution - Essay Example Neo-Classical theorists argue that households are suppliers of labour, and that they are rational in seeking to maximize their usefulness in return for payment. In the Neo-Classical model this usefulness are determined by the choice of workers between work and leisure, which is also constrained by the available hours per day. The graph below gives indication of a workers choice of allocating time between work and leisure. Point A in graph 1 gives an indication of what a worker's usefulness may be with the choice he makes between work and leisure. However, this graph will be influenced by other variables as well, such as the wage rate and the cost of living. If for example the wage rate rises, workers will forgo more of their leisure time and increase working hours to earn more. On the graph point W1 shift to W2 when wages increase, and this leisure time decrease to point L2, as less time is available due to more time being spend at work. The marginal revenue product of labour can be used as the demand for labour curve for this firm in the short run. In competitive markets, a firm faces a perfectly elastic supply of labour which corresponds with the wage rate and the marginal resource cost of labour. In a inperfect market this curve will have to be adjusted to reflect the wage rate divided by marginal costs. Graph 3: Labour Market Demand Curve In a perfect world the supply and demand curve would have adjusted to the optimal equilibrium point through market influences alone. The amount of workers in the market would compete on the same level for the available jobs and the wages firms will be willing to pay for labour. But due to facts such as unions, automation, economical sentiment, the actual productivity of workers and continuous unemployment rate the Neo-Classical method is insufficient to predict how the labour market behaves in reality. Theorist argues that one of the reasons the Neo-Classical method is not working is due to the fact that employees already in the market are protected and those that is outside the market, the unemployed or those looking for alternative work cannot compete on the same level with the employed. This is called the inside/outside theory, and according to Blanchard and Summers (1986, 1987) when an employment shock takes place, and workers loose their jobs, they not only become un-employed but loose their protection from the real market, such as their union membership.1 This prevents the labour market's rapid return to pre-shock employment levels. This theory is supported by Lindbeck and Snower (1988, 2001) as they argue that the cost to Firms in replacing their employees with un-employed will dramatically increase their turn-over cost. Turn-over cost includes hiring, training and firing cost, making it unprofitable for firms to employ outsiders. They also continue by arguing that newly employed workers have to go through several stages before they are accepted as insiders. Layard et al (1991), identified that workers that became unemployed and stayed unemployed for long will

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity - Essay Example Obesity is a serious illness that has been spreading fast. It can even strike people who are not predisposed to it, primarily because of the influence of the modern civilization - above all, the development of technologies that diminish the amount of physical movements for people and, of course, the spread of fast-food that is a source of extra calories and a reason for multiple maladies, of which obesity is the most common one. (Leake, J. and Porter, A., 2003) Bulimia is considered nowadays an addiction, and the most widespread addiction is the addiction to sugar. As a result, more than half citizens of the USA and Canada are overweight, and though doctors warn people how harmful it is for health, there is still a flow of commercials and advertisements propagating "eating non-stop" as the best way of life. Many doctors and dieticians believe that certain kinds of food can cause a stable addiction (chocolate, sugar, meat, and cheese) since they make our brain produce the substances that evoke the sensation of happiness: "foods which are high in fat and sugar can cause significant changes in brain biochemistry similar to those from drugs such as heroin and cocaine". (Leake, J.

Assessment of Views On Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assessment of Views On Democracy - Essay Example The United States model of democratization is rather political. This form of democratization emphasizes on a political struggle of democrats seeking dominance over non-democrats. Political parties have a crucial place in this model. This models aims at gaining political liberties. In this process, institutions receive a lot of attention with democrats ensuring there is a level of democracy in political parties, elections, and institutions that fight for civil rights. This model has been the guideline of the United States struggled for democracy over the years. The nations politics consists of democrats fighting non –democrats and implementation of policies that favor the existing institutions. In its promotion of democracy, the United States urges other nation to adopt this model. The Bush regime of the United States made efforts of promoting this type of democratization. In most of the cases, these two models usually overlap. Carothers gives the illustration of Canada; a coun try that had focused on the developmental model, but is recently making advances into the political model through the promotion of institutions. Carothers presents a guideline that characterizes the democratization process. One of these involves the presence of a vibrant and independence of the civil society.

Physiology and metabolism, cardiovascular system, MacMan computer Essay

Physiology and metabolism, cardiovascular system, MacMan computer simuklation - Essay Example Physiological homeostasis in the cardiovascular system is maintained depending on baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes. Baroreceptor reflexes respond to changes in blood pressure and chemoreceptor reflexes respond to changes in pH, which are usually caused by an increase or decrease in blood CO2 (Scanlon & Sanders, 2011). Question 1: What happens to the blood pressure and heart rate? The systolic blood pressure is increased to 132.8 mmHg and the diastolic pressure is increased to 82.2 mmHg. The heart rate is decreased to 51.8/min (table 1). When arterial resistance is increased, the vessels experience vasoconstriction, which leads to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate. Changing the heart rate resulted into a change in the time of the systole and that of the cardiac relaxation. The alteration in the blood pressure and cardiac output displayed a plateau, but increased by a small margin. At low heart rates, the existence of pericardial constraints causes a limitation in the viscous pressure (Her, Mandy, & Bairamian, 2005). A decrease in the heart rate led to the redistribution of the thoracic compartment from the extracic hence causing a reduction in the blood pressure. Question 2: What might give rise to the altered arterial resistance in a natural situation? The result of altered arterial resistance is increased high blood pressure (hypertension). Systolic pressure ranging between 125 and 139 mmHg and diastolic pressure that range between 60 and 80 mmHg are often considered prehypertension. This can be caused by stress, smoking, and high level of salt consumption (Her, Mandy, & Bairamian, 2005).

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity - Essay Example Obesity is a serious illness that has been spreading fast. It can even strike people who are not predisposed to it, primarily because of the influence of the modern civilization - above all, the development of technologies that diminish the amount of physical movements for people and, of course, the spread of fast-food that is a source of extra calories and a reason for multiple maladies, of which obesity is the most common one. (Leake, J. and Porter, A., 2003) Bulimia is considered nowadays an addiction, and the most widespread addiction is the addiction to sugar. As a result, more than half citizens of the USA and Canada are overweight, and though doctors warn people how harmful it is for health, there is still a flow of commercials and advertisements propagating "eating non-stop" as the best way of life. Many doctors and dieticians believe that certain kinds of food can cause a stable addiction (chocolate, sugar, meat, and cheese) since they make our brain produce the substances that evoke the sensation of happiness: "foods which are high in fat and sugar can cause significant changes in brain biochemistry similar to those from drugs such as heroin and cocaine". (Leake, J.

Physiology and metabolism, cardiovascular system, MacMan computer Essay

Physiology and metabolism, cardiovascular system, MacMan computer simuklation - Essay Example Physiological homeostasis in the cardiovascular system is maintained depending on baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes. Baroreceptor reflexes respond to changes in blood pressure and chemoreceptor reflexes respond to changes in pH, which are usually caused by an increase or decrease in blood CO2 (Scanlon & Sanders, 2011). Question 1: What happens to the blood pressure and heart rate? The systolic blood pressure is increased to 132.8 mmHg and the diastolic pressure is increased to 82.2 mmHg. The heart rate is decreased to 51.8/min (table 1). When arterial resistance is increased, the vessels experience vasoconstriction, which leads to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate. Changing the heart rate resulted into a change in the time of the systole and that of the cardiac relaxation. The alteration in the blood pressure and cardiac output displayed a plateau, but increased by a small margin. At low heart rates, the existence of pericardial constraints causes a limitation in the viscous pressure (Her, Mandy, & Bairamian, 2005). A decrease in the heart rate led to the redistribution of the thoracic compartment from the extracic hence causing a reduction in the blood pressure. Question 2: What might give rise to the altered arterial resistance in a natural situation? The result of altered arterial resistance is increased high blood pressure (hypertension). Systolic pressure ranging between 125 and 139 mmHg and diastolic pressure that range between 60 and 80 mmHg are often considered prehypertension. This can be caused by stress, smoking, and high level of salt consumption (Her, Mandy, & Bairamian, 2005).

UK Car Scrappage Scheme Essay Example for Free

UK Car Scrappage Scheme Essay Under the UK scrappage scheme, a 2000 incentive is paid to motorists who scrap cars registered before the 31st august 1999 to buy a new car. half of the money is paid by the government and half by the car industry. The scheme will run from mid may 2009 to march 2010, depending on its fixed government budget of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 million runs out sooner. The government have announced earlier this year its car and van scrappage scheme. The motorists who will scrap their 10-year-old cars will get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 (or more) incentive toward buying a new car. The government will pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 pounds and participating manufacturers will contribute à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 pounds or more if they choose to do so (Rutherford, 2009). The new car scrappage scheme has big impacts. Not only on the new car industry or on financial status of buyers, but it has impact on several other industries in the UK. This essay will firstly display and show the effects of the governments new scrappage scheme on the market for new cars, supported by diagrams and some details. Then the essay will show the impact of the new scheme on the second hand car market, the car repair market and the scrap metal market. The essay also will show if this policy will have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the environment. Then will illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the UK car scrappage scheme and concluding whether if it is a good policy or otherwise. The market for new cars: Looking at the economic theories, we can see that when there is a change in price there will be change and demand and therefore change in supply, In other words, when price increases the quantity demanded will decrease. And when price decreases the quantity demanded will increase. But the movement will be along the demand curve not movement of the curve itself. Here we have a contribution of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 pounds, which will mean that eligible customers will get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 discount on the value of a new car. According to demand theory, if the price drops, the quantity demanded will rise. Therefore, as prices of new cars dropped by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 the demand on new cars market will increase. The diagram below shows how the demand on the market of new cars will react after having the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 pounds scrap scheme: From the diagram we can see that the quantity demanded was 10000 unit (or cars) when the price of a car is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10000 pounds. After the government scrap scheme, the price has decreased to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 8000 pounds and the quantity demanded has increased to 13000 unit (or car). The market for second hand cars: Second hand cars are substitutes to new cars, and according to the theory of demand and supply. If there is a change in any factor other than price, that will cause a change in demand and also a shift of the curve because second hand cars are substitutes to new cars. Having said that, the government is offering à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 pounds scrap money toward buying a new car. The demand on the market of second hand car will fall, causing a drop in prices of used cars. The diagram below will show the effect of the governments scarp scheme on second hand car market: The demand curve which represents the demand on second hand cars has shifted to the left because after the government has introduced the new scheme, many people started to buy new cars, and because new cars are substitutes of second hand cars the curve of demand on the second hand cars has shifted to the left causing a lower demand and lower quantity demanded. The effect of the governments cars scrap scheme on the car repair market: Although that the governments new scrappage scheme has helped many people to buy cheaper new cars, and also has helped many industries to gain high profits and to be a lot more active after the rescission. The government scheme has motivated more people to scrap their old car which are often break down and often needed repair. The repair market has been hit. Because fewer people come to repair their old cars and instead they just scrap them and get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 pounds toward their next new car. But on the other hand, in next few years repair market will gain it power again as more cars will be aging. But for now, new cars will most likely be repaired by the dealers. The diagram below shows the effect of the government scrappage scheme on the cars repair market: The effect of the governments scheme on the scrap metal market: The governments car scrappage scheme will have a big effect on the market of scrap metal. The government have set à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 300 million pounds for about 300,000 scrap order in the period between May 2009 and March 2010. And as far as 28th September 2009 there were 227,750 orders have been placed already according to the BBC (2009). So in a period of 4 months there were almost 230,000 cars to scrap, which will mean there is a lot of scrapped metal which will hopefully lead to push the scrapped metal prices down in the local or the national market. However, it maybe increases the scrap metal exports to other countries such as china. The graph below show (A) national market how it might be affected. and (B) the exports to other countries. P National market (A) P Exports to other countries. (B) Consider whether the policy is likely to have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the environment: As its been claimed that up to 85% from the cars scrap is recyclable, this is good. Being able to Recycling 85% of the old car is better for the environment than building a new one without using any recycled materials. Also, the government is encouraging people to buy new cars which produce fewer emissions and consume less fuel. According to guardian.co.uk (2009) The governments car scrappage scheme has had a surprisingly positive environmental effect. Motorists buying new cars through the scheme, which was introduced at this years budget, are opting for greener and smaller models than the average new car buyer, industry figures reveal. And they add Scrappage buyers were also three times more likely than average to buy the smallest class of car minis such as the Smart Fortwo and a third more cars bought through the scheme were larger super-minis such as the Hyundai i10. New cars bought through the scheme had average CO2 emissions of 131.1g/km CO2, 27.4% below the average CO2 (181.9g/km CO2) of the scrapped cars. (Guardian, 2009). Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the scheme and consider whether, on balance, the UK car scrappage scheme is a good policy: There are some advantages in the new cars scrappage scheme. However, the governments new scheme has few disadvantages too. But I will concentrate the attention more on the Benefits of this project. For instance, the government announced that between May 2009 and March 2010 they will help 300,000 people to scrap their old cars and get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 cheaper new car. That means more people will have better and more modern cars. Also recently the government have declare that they will invest an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 100 million pounds which will hopefully help another 100,000 car to get scrapped and their owners get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 toward a new car which will make a total of 400,000 cars being scrapped and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 400 million being spent by the government and 400,000 new cars in the streets. (direct.gov.uk, 2009) And if 400,000 new car extra being sold means that the policy helped British (and European) manufacturers to sell more cars and gain more profit after the crisis. Also means that they will secure more repair jobs for those people who bought new cars in the upcoming months and years. And one of the big advantages is that by replacing 400,000 old cars by new cars we reduce the gas emissions, which are the main cause of the global warming. To sum up, in my opinion, the governments car scrappage scheme has been a successful project and it helped many people to replace their old cars with new better once. Also it helps many industries and car dealers to go out of rescission. Even though that some other firms have suffered from it, I would say that it is a vital project, good for car buyers, car dealers and other attached firms and of course first of all, it is good for the environment. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * BBC, 2009,Scrappage scheme to be extended,[online]updated 28th September 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8278679.stm * Direct.Gov, 2009. The vehicle discount scheme- money off your new vehicle[online] available at 11th November 2009, http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/BuyingAndSellingAVehicle/AdviceOnBuyingAndSellingAVehicle/DG_177693 * Rutherford, M. ,The telegraph, 2009, Scrappage scheme explained,[online] updated 15th May 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/5330112/Scrappage-scheme-explained.html * Vaughan A,2009 Car scrappage scheme sparks switch to greener vehicles, The guardian [ internet] 22nd October 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/22/scrappage-scheme-green-cars [accessed 09/11/2009]

Fair Value Accounting Vs Historical Cost Accounting

Fair Value Accounting Vs Historical Cost Accounting i) Fair Value and Historical Cost Accounting Historical cost accounting is an accounting method by which assets are valued based on the actual amount of money with which they are bought and as such no inflation adjustments applied. (Eipstein and Jermacowicz, 2007). Fair value accounting on its part deals with the fair market value of the asset. A number of definitions for fair value are provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). According to the FASB cited in Barlev and Haddad (2003) â€Å"Fair value is the price for which a property could be sold in an arm’s length transaction between unrelated parties†. FAS 13 Accounting for Leases. According to Rayman (2007: 213) citing FASB (2006, par. 5) â€Å"fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date†. A similar definition is provided by the IASB in IAS 39 Financial Instruments, Recognition and Measurement: â€Å"fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction†. (IAS 39. par. 9) (Bertoni and De Rosa, 2005; Epstein and Jermacowicz, 2007). According to the IASB fair value can be defined as: â€Å"the amount at which an asset could be exchange or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties at an arms length transaction† The fair value concept is used in many accounting standards such as the IFRS covering certain areas like acquisitions and valuation of securities. A fair value is used in situations where the actual cost of an asset is not obtainable. Assets will need to be revalued from time to time for instance when the market value for securities change or when their purchase price is inseparable from larger transactions (as in the case with acquisitions). (Eipstein and Jermacowicz, 2007). The fair value can be determined by the following methods, in IFRS order of preference as such: If there are identical transactions in the market, assets and liabilities should be valued with reference to such transactions i.e. If identical transactions do not exist, but similar transactions exist, fair value should be estimated making the necessary adjustments and using market based assumptions If either of the above methods cannot be used, other valuation methods may be used. (Eipstein and Jermacowicz, 2007). Fair value often has a subjective element as so many valuations are likely to use the latter two methods. ii) The Ideal Approach The most suitable approach to valuing assets and liabilities is the fair value approach. According to Barlev and Haddad ( 2003) the IASB and FASB consider HCA-based financial statements as obscuring the real financial position and the results of operations of a firm thereby providing ample room for manipulation. Historical cost accounting book values of assets and liabilities provide managers some loopholes to conduct earnings management thus concealing their real activities. (Barlev and Haddad, 2003). On the contrary, fair value accounting on the other hand measures and records current values of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet therefore making the book value to be approximately equal to the market value. The fair value approach therefore increases the value relevance of the balance sheet. (Barlev and Haddad, 2003).The basic premise underlying the FASB’ s decision is that fair value of financial assets and liabilities better enables investors, creditors and other u sers of financial statements to assess the consequences of an entity’s investment and financing strategies. (Khurana and Kim, 2003). Carroll et al. (2002) investigate the value relevance of fair value accounting relative to the historical cost accounting for financial instruments held by closed-end mutual funds. The findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between stock prices and the value of investment securities as well as between stock returns and fair value securities’ gains and losses. (Carroll et al., 2002). Despite the IASB and FASBs’ interests in the fair value approach, there are some inherent problems with the approach. The main problem with the fair value approach is determining the fair market value of assets that do not trade in active markets. According to Carpenter et al. (2008), this issue has been a subject of debate in the accounting profession. Accounting standard setters (the IASB and the FASB) recommend two solutions to this problem: (i) consult outside experts, for example, in the valuation of real estate, the services of a real estate expert should be sought; (ii) practitioners’ associations should develop valuation models. (Carpenter et al., 2008). However, despite these adjustments, Carpenter et al. (2008) suggest that there are still doubts as to whether skilled experts provide accurate and homogenous valuations. Analysing the consistency and quality of valuations provided by a sample of 43 business valuation experts who were asked to value a small high tech firm preparing for an IPO, Carpenter et al. (2008) provide evidence that skilled experts employ different methods and multiples even when they rely on the same guidelines. Moreover, there are significant variations in the fair market values for the same investment. (Carpenter et al., 2008). The evidence also suggest an upward bias in the fair market value of the high tech firm as compared to the actual value following the IPO. (Carpenter et al., 2008). iii. Implications for Future Accounting Standards The implications for future accounting standards is that the IASB and the FASB should develop more appropriate methods of determining fair value, especially for assets and liabilities for which there is not active market. By so doing the value relevance of the balance sheet will increase. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barlev B., Haddad, J. R. (2003). Fair value accounting and the Management of the firm. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, vol.14, 383–415. Benston, G. J. (2006). Fair Value Accounting: A Cautionary Tale from Enron. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, vol. 25, pp. 465-484. Carroll, T. J., Linsmeier, T. J., Petroni, K. R. (2002). The Reliability of Fair Value vs. Historical Cost Information: Evidence from Closed-End Mutual Funds. Journal of Accounting, Auditing, Finance. Carpentier, Cecile, Labelle, Rà ©al, Laurent, Bruno and Suret, Jean-Marc (2008). Does Fair Value Measurement Provide Satisfactory Evidence for Audit? The Case of High Tech ValuationAvailable at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1269743 Epstein, B. J., Jermakowicz E. K. (2007). Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. Wiley and Sons Inc. Khurana, I K., Kim M. (2003). Relative value relevance of historical cost vs. fair value: Evidence from bank holding companies. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, vol. 22, pp. 19–42. Rayman, R. A. (2007). Fair value accounting and the present value fallacy: The need for an alternative conceptual framework. The British Accounting Review, vol. 39 211–225

Gasoline Essay -- essays research papers

GASOLINE TOXIC COMPOUNDS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT In the early 20th Century gasoline was being produced by oil companies using distillates from petroleum. Unfortunately, this was not enough energy to power the new atutomobiles that would soon be arriving. More chemicals, addetives and research had to be done. Around 1910 laws were passed that prohibited gasoline from being stored. Perhaps the car industries were growing so rapidly, it was then the government began to take note to regulate the use of gasoline for the protection of the environment. Lead and benzene are toxins found in gasoline that are confirmed to be regulated human carcinogens. Carcinogens have been tested also to induce cancer found in humans and animals. This paper will determine and discuss these two types of toxins identified in gasoline, the dangers of these toxins and how they affect the environment in which we live in. When gasoline is burned it releases a form of energy of hydrogen and carbon. This energy forms water and carbon dioxide. Carbon moxide may be formed as well if the compnents are not precise and complete. Gasoline is said to contain over 500 hydrocarbons. There are two types of hydrocarbons; saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are somewhat stable found in leaded gasolines and burn a clean flame in the air. On the other hand, unsaturated hydrocarbons are unstable and tend to burn a dark smoky flame. Studies have proven lead poisoning can be obta... Gasoline Essay -- essays research papers GASOLINE TOXIC COMPOUNDS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT In the early 20th Century gasoline was being produced by oil companies using distillates from petroleum. Unfortunately, this was not enough energy to power the new atutomobiles that would soon be arriving. More chemicals, addetives and research had to be done. Around 1910 laws were passed that prohibited gasoline from being stored. Perhaps the car industries were growing so rapidly, it was then the government began to take note to regulate the use of gasoline for the protection of the environment. Lead and benzene are toxins found in gasoline that are confirmed to be regulated human carcinogens. Carcinogens have been tested also to induce cancer found in humans and animals. This paper will determine and discuss these two types of toxins identified in gasoline, the dangers of these toxins and how they affect the environment in which we live in. When gasoline is burned it releases a form of energy of hydrogen and carbon. This energy forms water and carbon dioxide. Carbon moxide may be formed as well if the compnents are not precise and complete. Gasoline is said to contain over 500 hydrocarbons. There are two types of hydrocarbons; saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are somewhat stable found in leaded gasolines and burn a clean flame in the air. On the other hand, unsaturated hydrocarbons are unstable and tend to burn a dark smoky flame. Studies have proven lead poisoning can be obta...

Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers

Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyà ­s theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusà ­s theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicusà ­s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of "practice." Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as: "The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72)." It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, "collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331)." Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, "It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, "It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68)." The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1938. Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyà ­s theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusà ­s theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicusà ­s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of "practice." Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as: "The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72)." It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, "collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331)." Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, "It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, "It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68)." The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1938.

Chemistry Questionnaire Essay

What is meant by the term cis-trans isomerism? How many cis-trans isomers are present in Structure I? Draw any 2 possible cis-trans isomers. (iii) State the physical state of this lipid at room temperature. Explain your answer. [9] (b) Suggest a possible identity for each of the organic compounds A-E below. Explain your reasoning and write balanced equations for the reactions involved where possible. i) A, C11H14O2 is a neutral compound. Hydrolysis of A gives B, C7H6O2 which is a white precipitate and C, C4H10O which does not decolourise acidified potassium manganate(VII) on heating. (ii) D, C4H10O2 reacts with 2 moles of sodium metal, but not with solid sodium carbonate. On boiling under reflux with aqueous potassium manganate(VII), D gives a compound, E, C4H6O3. E reacts with alkaline aqueous iodine to give a yellow precipitate and evolves carbon dioxide when solid sodium carbonate is added. Draw structural formulae of the products of the reactions between glutamic acid and I aqueous NaOH II aqueous HCl (ii) Draw the structural formula of a dipeptide formed between glutamic acid and phenylalanine, showing the ionic form in which it would exist at pH 10. [4] [Total: 20] 5 3 (a) Iron(III) chloride is a dark brown solid which dissolves in water to give an acidic solution. This solution is used to etch, i. e. dissolve, unwanted copper from printed circuit boards. When a copper-coated printed circuit board is immersed in aqueous iron(III) chloride, the solution turns greenish blue. i) Explain, with the aid of an equation, why aqueous iron(III) chloride is acidic. (ii) Use the Data Booklet to explain why iron(III) chloride etches copper. Give a relevant equation to explain the greenish blue solution observed. (iii) Suggest what happens to the overall E0 value if the thickness of the copper coating is increased. Anhydrous aluminium chloride behaves similarly as anhydrous iron(III) chloride in that they sublime readily when heated. When 1. 56 g of aluminium chloride was placed in an evacuated vessel of volume 1. 00 dm3 at 1800C, the pressure produced was 32. kPa. (i) Calculate the apparent relative molecular mass of the aluminium chloride under the stated conditions. (ii) In the vapour phase, aluminium chloride partially exists as a dimer. Using your answer obtained for b(i), calculate the percentage of the dimer under the stated conditions. (iii) Suggest a reason why the dimerisation process of aluminium chloride is exothermic. 6 (iv) Predict, giving a reason in each case, the effect on the proportion of dimer in the equilibrium mixture if I the pressure is lowered, II the temperature is lowered. MgO(s) + CO2(g) ?H? = +117 kJ mol-1; ?S? = +175 J mol-1 K-1 8 (i) Why does the entropy increase when magnesium carbonate decomposes? (ii) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ? G? , for the decomposition of magnesium carbonate. Comment on the spontaneity of the decomposition of magnesium carbonate at room temperature. (iii) Assuming that ? H? and ? S? for the reaction are independent of temperature, calculate the temperature at which the decomposition reaction becomes feasible. (iv) Compare the ease of thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate with barium carbonate. [8] Turn over 4 (d) Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between each pair of compounds. For each test, give reagents and conditions, and state what would be seen with each compound. The dissociation reactions and Ka values of carbonic acid are given below. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ Ka1 = 4. 2 x 10-7 mol dm-3 HCO3- CO32 – + H+ Ka2 = 4. 8 x 10-11 mol dm-3 0. 10 mol dm-3 aqueous NaOH is added slowly to 20. 0 cm3 of carbonic acid and the change in pH is followed and shown below. pH x x B x A x x 10 20 30 40 10 Vol of aqueous NaOH added / cm3 (i) Calculate the initial pH of the carbonic acid, stating any assumptions you make. (ii) Calculate the pH at the first equivalence point, A. (iii) What is the pH at point B? Give a reason for your answer. [6] [Turn over 5 (b) Maintenance of pH is vital to the cells of all living organisms because enzyme activity is influenced by pH. For instance, protection from harmful pH change in the blood plasma is provided by the hydrogencarbonate/carbonic acid system (HCO3-/H2CO3). At 370C, the temperature of the human body, pH of blood plasma is 7. 4. i) Explain, with relevant equations, how the hydrogencarbonate/carbonic acid system regul ates the pH of blood plasma. (ii) Calculate the ratio of [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] for maintaining the optimum pH of blood plasma. [4] (c) Describe two differences in physical properties between transition metals and a s-block metal such as magnesium, suggesting reasons for these differences based on their atomic structures. [3] 11 (d) The oxidation of manganese(IV) oxide in alkaline solution in air produces green manganate(VI) ion, MnO42-. When manganate(VI) is added to a dilute acid, a purple solution and dark brown solid manganese(IV) oxide reforms.

Even A Clown Can Do It: Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment Essay

Cirque du Soleil is a Canadian entertainment company which was created in 1984 by a group of young street performers. Daniel Gauthier and Guy LaLiberte are the founding Co-Presidents of Cirque du Soleil who self-described the company as a mix of circus arts and street entertainment and reinvent the circus industry from then on. 1. What are the key factors kept by Le Cirque? Which ones are downplayed and which ones were played up? Since Le Cirque is a circus company, it kept existing traditions of the circus such as the circus arts, featuring jugglers, trampolinists, trapeze artists, teeterboard virtuosos and, of course, clowns. Soleil combined elements of dance, circus and opera to keep its artistry, but the proportion of fun and humor in the whole show was decreased. Further, due to the increase of thematic line and the lack of a ringmaster announcing the acts, the individual performers are downplayed. Each of them now acts one of the roles to develop the overall thematic element an d their names are not showed in the cast list. In other words, big name acts have no place in Cirque du Soleil. Soleil keeps tents and concessions. As a traditionally large source of circus revenues which around 20% at the Ringling Brothers& Co. shows, Soleil only gains less than 10% of revenues from it. Compare with earning some of money from selling food and toys during the performance or inside the tent, Soleil preferred the performance-centered ethic of the troupe since the performances and themes are utterly unique. Sponsorships are an important source of revenue for Soleil. Soleil can mention the sponsors in the playbill, advertising and banners around the tent. The last key factor kept by Le Cirque is retaining the show on tour. Soleil plays it up by permanently perform three shows in Las Vegas and Disney World. 2. Which factors were totally eliminated by Le Cirque and what are the operational and financial implications? Soleil changed the multiple show arenas which is known as the three-ring venues for the following reasons. In order to overcome the visual distance from the audience, the clowns paint face garishly and we ar oversized shoes which probably frightening to the small children in a closer distance. Also, this format required more performers for each venue which definitely increase the cost. The aisle concession  sales were totally eliminated for the reason I mentioned above. The most striking differences of the Cirque du Soleil from the traditional circuses are the complete absence of star performers and animal shows. The animal acts are known as the most expensive cost for a show since the animals for circuses are frequently owned by their trainers and only leased to the show. Further, there are the fee for the services of the animals and its trainer, transportation as well as training. 3. Which factors were newly created by Le Cirque, and where do you think the inspiration came from? First of all, combination of traditional circus and street entertainment are the core created by the company. Second, a thematic line and storyline are manifested throughout the show in all kinds of ways. The creative teams at Cirque du Soleil would choose a theme first and then build a show to suit. It is more like an opera in this way and provides a high quality, seamless and fulfilling entertainment experience for audience. Third, by choosing distinctive themes, the com pany can create multiple productions which can enhance the reflux rate of the audience. For example, Cirque du Soleil has the shows named Mystere, La Nouba, Dralion, ‘O’ and Quidam. Four, an artistic original music and dance with ‘magic’ lighting and timing effects bring the audience visually feelings. The inspiration comes from mixing elements from circus, opera, music, dance and theatre as well as quit some aspects from traditional circuses, Laliberte actually reconstructed elements and the form of circus to a sophisticated entertainment. By doing so, Soleil is able to sell the tickets at a higher price to all aged audience instead of discounted tickets to children. It has raising the circus to a new scale and expanded target audience. As the circus historian Fred Pfening asks, â€Å"But is it circus?†(Williamson, 2000) Laliberte, probably, want to do something utterly unique and irrelevant or rather he just hope to help young people to express the ir dreams. 4. How does Cirque du Soleil create superior profits? How does it improve industry growth and generate revenues? How does it raise profitability and reduce its cost structure? Cirque du Soleil create superior profits by reinventing the circus industry and creating an uncontested market space. More professionally, it move from red ocean strategy to blue ocean strategy. Same as the traditional circus, the great majority of revenues for Soleil are form ticket sales. However, it redefied circus industry and target audience as I mentioned above to sell  tickets higher with full face value. It actually make the competition irrelevant. By creating diversified themes and high quality performances, Soleil remains the highest seat occupancy with approximately 85%-95% in the industry. Further, from Exhibit 2 we can see the amount of attendance jumped rapidly to almost 6 million from 1990 to 2000. The themes were also increased from one to six. Soleil creates and captures the new demand of the audience. Sponsorships play a low-key but important role in Soleil’s profits. A main sponsor guarantees a gate to the circus and is able to sell the tickets independently. Besides, three permanent shows hold frequently in the places with large potential customers, such as Las Vegas. Or lando and Disney World. The way of choosing the locations are changed. Obviously, the combination of these tourist cities and the fantastic shows is a creative idea to attract plenty of audience. Therefore, we can see the form Exhibit 1 that the major circus revenues increased rapidly to catch up with Feld Entertainment from 1993 to 2000. The most importantly, Soleil follows the different strategic logic called value innovation. It is the cornerstone of the blue ocean strategy since it break the value-cost trade-off. The definition for it is the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost, creating a leap in value for both buyers and the company (Blue Ocean Strategy, 2013). In this case, Soleil pursue the differentiation and lift buyer value by reinvent the industry and create many new factors as I mentioned in question 3. In addition, it eliminated animal acts and star performers to reduce the cost. Unlike the Irving Feld who expends a lot to add trill and danger, Soleil r educed these to save money for company. In conclusion, Cirque de Soleil realized if it wants to be succeed, it must stop compete with each other and to create a new market. According to the four action framework, the company find out the specific changes it should take. By breaking the market boundaries of circus and theater and reconstruct all the elements, Soleil achieved both differentiation and low cost or rather value innovation. It breaks the value-cost trade-off and create new best-practice rules under the blue ocean strategy. In general, it is not circus. It is Soleil. Reference Blue Ocean Strategy (2013). Value innovation. http://www.blueoceanstrategy.com/concepts/bos-tools/value-innovation/ Williamson,M. (2000) Even a Clown Can Do It: Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment.